While religious, national, and language differences and divisions are Allah’s will and must be respected; exaggerating them in order to self-righteously claim a greater truth than others have, or more closeness to God than others, is condemned by the Qur’an.

Since the Qur’an states that its message is to confirm the scriptures of God’s previous messengers, one might think that the Qur’an offers nothing new; but that is not correct. As the last of the Abrahamic revelations, the Qur’an offers important ways for the two monotheistic religions of the People of the Book to bridge the divisions between Judaism and Christianity that arose over the centuries.

Bridging these religious divisions by honoring them, and not despising them, is central to the Qur’an’s message: “He has ordained for you that religion which He enjoined upon Noah and that which We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], and what We enjoined upon Abraham and Moses and Jesus – to establish the religion and not be divided therein. Difficult for those who associate others with Allah is that [monotheism] to which you invite them. Allah chooses for Himself whom He wills and guides to Himself whoever turns back [to Him].” (42:13)

Ramadan is the month when the Sacred Scriptures of Christians, Jews and Muslims were first revealed, as Imam Sadiq said: “The Torah was revealed on the sixth day of the month of Ramadan, the Bible, on the twelfth night of the month, the Psalms on the eighteenth night of the month and the Quran on the Night of Qadr” (Al-Kafi, vol. 4, pg. 157); so Ramadan is a good lesson for those who worship the One and Only God, to seek an understanding of how our Sacred Scriptures relate to one another.

Since the generations of the Crusaders, no generation in the past has needed the Qur’an’s directions about the importance of religions mutual respect and harmony seeking, than those who now live in the 21st century of growing religious intolerance.

First, the Qur’an informs us that all monotheistic religions and their believers will be rewarded by Allah: “Surely those who believe, and those who are Jews, and the Christians, and the Sabians, whoever believes in Allah and the Last day and does good, they shall have their reward from their Lord, and there is no fear [of the fire] for them, nor shall they grieve.” (2:62)

Religious pluralism, as well as racial and language differences, will always be the will of Allah: “If your Lord had so willed, He could have made mankind One People: but they will never cease to be diverse.” (11:118) This has been true from the beginning: “From among Allah’s signs are the creation of heaven and the earth and the difference of your tongues and the variation of your colors.” (30:22)

Second, Allah judges each and every monotheistic believer by his or her righteousness, which includes how well they know and love outsiders from other nations and tribes: “O mankind! We created you from male and female [Adam and Eve] and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know each other (and not despise each other). Verily, the most honored of you in the sight of Allah is he [or she] who is the most righteous of you. And Allah has full knowledge and is fully informed.” (49:13)

The Quran’s respect for diversity in tribal, ethnic, national, and religious differences is a positive statement parallel to the Bible’s negative depiction of the Tower of Babel, in which God cures mankind of termite like conformity [“having only one language with only a few words’ Genesis 11:1] and skyscraper arrogance in making for themselves a name [Genesis 11:4]. So God disperses mankind into different groups with different languages all around the world.

No human will ever know who is correct about religious disputes between and within the different monotheistic religions as the Qur’an declares, “For every community We have appointed a whole system of worship which they are to observe. So do not let them draw you into disputes concerning the matter, but continue to call people to your Lord … God will judge between (all of) you on the Day of Resurrection about what you used to differ.” (22:67-69)

And our debates about religious differences must never be arrogantly self-righteous. They must be mutually humble and respectful: “And do not argue with the People of the Scripture except in a way that is best, except for those who commit injustice among them, and say, ‘We believe in that which has been revealed to us and revealed to you. And our God and your God is one; and we are Muslims [in submission] to Him.’” (29:46)

Third, the Qur’an opposes the tendency of humans to create differences and divisions that divide the monotheistic religions from each other; and even create splits within each religion that lead to disrespect for other believers; and even charges of heresy and betrayal.

While religious, national, and language differences and divisions are Allah’s will and must be respected; exaggerating them in order to self-righteously claim a greater truth than others have, or more closeness to God than others, is condemned by the Qur’an.

For different religions: “We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], the Book in truth, confirming that which preceded it of the Scripture and as a criterion over it. So judge between them by what Allah has revealed and do not follow their inclinations away from what has come to you of the truth. To each of you We prescribed a law and a method. Had Allah willed, He would have made you one nation [united in religion], but [He intended] to test you in what He has given you; so compete to [do] good. To Allah you all return together, and He will [then] inform you concerning that over which you used to differ.” (5:48)

And for different sects within each religion: “Hold fast, all together, to Allah’s cord, and do not be divided [into sects]. And remember Allah’s blessing upon you when you were enemies [of each other], then He brought your hearts together, so you became brothers with His blessing. And you were on the brink of a pit of Fire, when He saved you from it. Thus does Allah clarify His signs for you so that you may be guided.” (3:103)

Finally, there is an example that points to one important hidden cause of religious self-righteousness: “Certainly We settled the Children of Israel in a worthy settlement [the Land of Israel} and We provided them with all the good things, and they did not differ until [after] the knowledge had come to them. Your Lord will indeed judge between them on the Day of Resurrection concerning that about which they used to differ.” (10:93)

What is this knowledge that came to them after the time of the Hebrew Bible prophets? What is this knowledge that is also mentioned in other situations like: “… and those who were given the Book did not differ except after knowledge had come to them, out of transgression with one another… “ (3:19)

“… and none differed in it [theology] except those who had been given it, after the manifest proofs had come to them, out of transgression with one another…” (2:213)

“…Maintain the religion, and do not be divided in it … They did not divide [into sects] except after the knowledge [theology] had come to them out of transgression with one another…” (42:13-14)

I believe Greek philosophy influenced most religious scholars’ thinking about many verses in their sacred scripture. Greek philosophy completely lacked the advantage of Divine revelations, and relied on human reasoning – which often is simply a rationalization of our desires and our egos.

Religious truth in Europe, and then in the Middle East, became a zero-sum game: anything positive said about another religion was seen as weakening your own side. The goal was not to modestly try to harmonize various religious perspectives of the one and only God; but to self-righteously exaggerate religious differences, well beyond any reasonable understanding of the two sides.

In a zero-sum game, any value or true spiritual insight I grant to another scripture somehow diminishes my own. This view was the result of the specific influence of Aristotle, and Greek philosophy’s general emphasis on the logic of the excluded middle. Something is either true or it is false. There is no other option. If two propositions contradict one another, one or both of them must be false. They cannot both be true.

If one believes that there is only one God who is revealed by many different inspired prophets, then we should be able to learn more about God’s will by gaining insights into our own unique revelation, from other revelations of that one God. Since all monotheistic scriptures come from the one and only God, we should view other scriptures as potentially enriching our understanding and appreciation of our own scripture.

But in the Middle Ages, almost all readers thought of revelation as a zero-sum sport like tennis; rather than a multiple-win, cooperative sport like mountain climbing. This would mean that if my religion is true, yours must be false. This notion still remains in many of the medieval scriptural commentaries to this day.

My perspective is that Prophets and Holy Scriptures cannot in reality oppose one another because they all come from one source. Prophets are all brothers; they have the same “father” (God) and different “mothers” (motherlands, mother tongues, nations, cultures, and historical eras).

All of these factors produce different rituals and legal systems, but our monotheistic theology can differ only in small and unessential details. Religions differ because the circumstances of each nation receiving them differ. Where sacred Scriptures differ they do not nullify each other; they only cast additional light on each other.

For example, “Although Jews populated Arabia for centuries before the emergence of Islam, we do not know precisely what kinds of Jews they were, and what kinds of Judaism they practiced.

The Qur’an, seems to describe some Jewish ideas or practices that are quite strange to any kind of known Judaism. In a verse criticizing Judaism and Christianity for not upholding pure monotheism, the Qur’an says, “The Jews say that `Uzayr is the son of God, and the Christians say that the messiah is the son of God” (Qur’an 9:30). While most Christian clergy would claim proudly that Jesus is the Son of God; most Western scholars have understood from this verse that the Qur’an was simply wrong in its assessment of Judaism.

“More recently, however, some scholars have noted that the originally Jewish books known as 4 Ezra (14:9, and 14:50, also known as 2 Esdras) and 2 Enoch (22:11) associate a near-divine or angelic status to the biblical personages of Ezra and Enoch. It is possible that Jews who held such views settled far away from main-stream Jewish communities that would have found such thinking unacceptable.

Their very special regard for Ezra could easily have been misconstrued by early Muslims (as it apparently was by the established Jewish communities in the Land of Israel and Babylonia) as compromising true monotheism.” (page 11 of An Introduction To Islam For Jews by Reuven Firestone)

As Rabbi Reuven Hammer says in the new Reform Judaism New Year prayerbook: “Chosen-ness confers upon us (Jews) not privileges; but obligations and opportunities to serve God and perform God’s commandments.” (page 53)

If we all can live up to the ideal that religious pluralism as the will of God. we will help fulfill the 2700 year old vision of Prophet Isaiah: “In that day there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria. The Assyrians will go to Egypt, and the Egyptians to Assyria.

The Egyptians and Assyrians will worship together. In that day Israel will join a three-party alliance with Egypt and Assyria, a blessing upon the heart. The LORD of Hosts will bless them saying, “Blessed be Egypt My people, Assyria My handiwork, and Israel My inheritance.”…(Isaiah 19:23-5)