Islamic Cities: Can the Past Be the Key to the Future?
The current weakness of the Muslim world may well be best understood as a failure of urbanism, the inability of a culture to adapt to an era that is dominated more and more by cities. Joel Kotkin explores the strengths and weaknesses of the cities of the Muslim world.
In overcoming a society that has become utterly hostile to modern civilization, one major source of strength may be found in cultivating the strong urban legacy of the Muslim world.
Riches to rags
In contemporary times, Muslim cities have, to a large extent, become utter failures. That is true from the sprawling, impoverished expanses of Lagos and Cairo to the war-shattered ruins of Beirut and Baghdad.
This is particularly odd because for almost a millennium, the religion of Muhammad provided the rationale and order for the world's most impressive urban centers. Reviving this model of urbanism could well be the key to creating a template for Islamic success in the new century. From its origins in the 7th century, Islam has always been a profoundly urban faith. The need to gather the community of believers required a settlement of some size for the full performance of one's duty as a Muslim.
Out of the desert
The Prophet Mohammed did not want his people to return to the desert and its clan-oriented value system. Islam virtually demanded cities to serve as "the places where men pray together."
This urban orientation came naturally for a religion that first sprang to life in a city of successful merchants.
Bringing order
Mecca, a long established trading and religious center on the barren Arabian peninsula, had long been influenced first by Hellenistic - and then by Roman rulers. Its varied population included pagans, Jews and, after the 2nd century, Christians as well.
Mohammed himself was a member of the Qurayshi family, one of the more powerful clans established in Mecca. He saw the need to end the blood-drenched feuds that prevented the establishment of a just and enduring society. By the same token, any urban society, as well as the growth of trade or rational governance - whether in Arabia, Italy or China - requires a sense of order and security.
Paradise lost?
Over the ensuing centuries, Islam provided this framework for a remarkable constellation of cities, from Cordoba in Spain to Delhi in India. Many of the capital cities of modern times - Damascus, Cairo, Baghdad - all had their greatest success in the first centuries of Islamic rule.
As the Arab poet Ibn Jubayr wrote:
If Paradise be on earth, Damascus must be it; if it is in heaven, Damascus can parallel and match it.
Turn back to tolerance?
Few people would say such things today about these cities. But history does provide some clues about how they can revive themselves. Perhaps most important would be the restoration of tolerance.
Under Islam, Jews and Christians were both tolerated as "peoples of the book." Allowed to practice their faiths, Jews and some Christians - particularly those dissenting from the Orthodox faith of the Byzantines - actually favored, and even abetted, Muslim conquests. This contrasts with the current situation in Islamic cities. From Jakarta to Beirut and Teheran, Baghdad and Cairo, once cosmopolitan populations have become less so, even as these cities have swollen to unprecedented size.
Minority "brain drain"
Islamic regimes, and the presence of fanatically intolerant groups like al Qaeda, have driven the diversity out of these cities.
Minorities once honored in administration and trade - Bahais, Jews, Coptic Christians, Armenians, Assyrians - have fled for Los Angeles, Detroit, Paris or London, often establishing successful colonies there.
Cosmopolitan culture
Along with the cosmopolitan character of Islamic urban life, the cultivation of the arts, science and commerce - have also suffered. In the first 500 years of Islam, the Arab suq often improved on the Graeco-Roman agora or forum.
Rulers developed elaborate commercial districts, with large buildings shaded from the hot desert sun, with storerooms and hostels for visiting merchants. The new rulers also built large libraries, universities and hospitals at a pace not seen since Roman times. Cordoba, wrote one German nun, was "the jewel of the world, young and exquisite, proud in its might." So great was the cultural pull in Cordoba, complained one 9th-century Christian scholar, that even few Christians could write Latin adequately but could "express themselves in Arabic with elegance and write better poems in this language than the Arabs themselves."
Crossroads of the world
Baghdad, the capital founded by the Abbasid Caliphate in the late 8th Century, emerged as the greatest of these early Muslim cities. By 900, it was likely the largest city in the world.
Its very location suggested its importance - between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, close to the site of ancient Babylon, and nearby as well to Ctesphipon, the former capital of the Sassanid Persian empire. Not surprisingly, a contemporary observer, al Ya'qubu, described Baghdad as the "crossroads of the world."
Getting bad grades
In sharp contrast, today's cities in the Muslim world offer little culturally or economically to the rest of the world except for what can be pulled out of the ground.
Arab society today, according to the recent United Nation's Arab Human Development Report, lags not only behind Europe and America in the West, but also Asia in the East. This is true for all indices of modernity - from degrees of literacy, to child mortality, access to the Internet and development of sophisticated industry.
Bigger - but not better
The result has been cities that have grown in size, but not in cultural influence or economic importance. As key minorities have left, so have many of the educated portions of the population, leaving a large portion of the population poorly prepared for modern urban life.
"The cities have grown but have become less cosmopolitan," suggests Iranian-born geographer Ali Modarres. "The growth of the cities has been primarily made up of rural, provincial people. So you have had stagnation in these cities - even as they have expanded."
Cause of decline
The causes of decline of this urban world have been hotly debated. Some scholars like Bernard Lewis see an unwillingness to change - in contrast to Europe, America or more recently East Asia - as the primary reason for the precipitous decline of the past three to four hundred years.
Others, like Edward Said, tend to blame the racism and cruelty of the West for Islamic setbacks. Ultimately, determining the causes of decline is secondary to reversing the downward slide. The glories of the great cities of the Islamic past can provide some guideposts, suggests Ali Modarres, who teaches at California State University in Los Angeles.
Spirit of enterprise
Mr. Modarres and other scholars even suggest that there is much Islamic societies could still teach westerners about cities. He points to a legacy of graceful architecture, the brilliant use of shading to lower energy use in hot climates, the creation of excellent systems of water, the gardens and sanitation systems of earlier Islamic cities.
The key problems facing Islamic cities - and the West that must deal with the consequences of their failures - do not lie in anything intrinsic in Muslim history or culture. What has been missing is the will - and self-confidence - to recover the spirit of enterprise, toleration and rule of law that, for once made Islamism and urbanism a synergy capable of greatness.
Joel Kotkin, a senior fellow at the Davenport Institute for Public Policy at Pepperdine University, is writing a history of cities for Modern Library.
Views: 6403
The current weakness of the muslim world is due to the many muslim not following the guidance of the Qur'an and Hadists. nothing whatsoever to do with the failure of urbanism. Many muslim have been blinded by this worldly life. Take Saudi Arabia for instance, the government was willing to give a military base for the US to attack Iraq whose citizens are mainly muslim, their own brothers and sisters. When one looks back at the golden age of Islam, he will realise that people then were obedient to Allah, spending their lives to please Him. That's why we succeeded. Wassalam.
The article misses the point COMPLETELY!!!! AS
Muslims we should realize that this is just a
phase that we are going through, as we know what
Prophet Muhammad, SAW, informed us from among
the 500,000 hadiths he left behind for us
all!!!
You know why Beirut is in ruins today?? It is
because Ariel Sharon and his army of murderers
enjoyed the slaughter
of thousands, and the destruction of one of hte
most beautiful places in the world!! Go and
read some history and you will see how beautiful
Beirut was 30 yrs ago, and why now it is not.
The author failed to mention what happened after
the first world war, how the fall of the khilafah
happened, through British/American pitting
tactics,
instilling jealousy in the hearts of our
leaders, against one another just because
one leader is turkish, and hte other is
arab. Do not blame all the people! It's
not fair and definitely not accurate
concerning the current situation of extremist
views among the Ummah. These are problems
that have a number of different reasons! One
perfect example, that disproves your entire
argument, is the training of the Mujahideen
in Afghanistan. Why are all these vague,
nonsensical compilations of historical facts
being thrown together to explain why Muslim
cities are in such shambles? The reasons in
this article are not correct, please I can't
believe this really. And to the individual who
said "Islam is democracy," you are really
confused, because most obviously more so than
any other thing, you should realize that
democracy is a wannabe of Islamic LAW, and is
not Islam. Democracy involves MAN-MADE
LAWS....SHARIAH(Islamic Law), depends on the
central laws put down from GOD! Do not
say false things like that, it's incorrect.
Isla
All power, belong to Allah, Lord of all the worlds.
AbuKhadijah
Claiming that "extremists" take over in cities really shows the lack of any concrete thought, but rather loopy and loony conspiracy theories about Muslims which find many takers in the West.
...
The author unfortunetly only scratches the surface, not going further...but doing that might reveal info that would demolish his argument....cant have that.
He makes this assumption as he is a paun of the press. Moslems today are the universal villan in the western press. If a bomb goes off someplace the first guess is 'moslem terrorist' in every newspaper in the west. Nobody knows for sure that anybody is to blame unless the terrorist stays by and admits it! So it is just as accurate to say "
jewish terrorist" or "christian terrorist" it could be any kind of religious terrorist and NOBODY knew for sure WHO that terrorist was. BUT if the press says jewish terrorist the ADL sues the very next day, Christian terrorist, 600 people call in and cancle their subscription.
the USA has almost all the money. Small decisions and attitudes in the USA bring lives to chrises the world over. Today there is strong bigotry against moslems, the only open bigotry I know of. Why is obvious, bad press. The important question is "why did moslems allow it"??? I know moslems in my town feel the suffering of children the world over in thier hearts. so it is not the lack of compassion. I know that they are succesful in business and life, so they have the money.
WHY???????
It is high time we moslems joined hands and hired a laywer! When ever we read in the press "islamic terrorist" we FILE SUIT as a class action THE VERY NEXT DAY! Make the bastards PAY, first for our lawyer, then free ads to promote Islam, then for harm they do the children of moslems the world over, unless they can show IN A COURT OF LAW that the terrorist was a Moslem and his terror was done in the name of Islam, the day they published the offending article!