Q & A: Crisis in Darfur
- What has happened in Darfur?
- What is happening in Darfur now?
- Why is the situation in Darfur deteriorating?
- What is the African Union doing in Darfur?
- What can be done to protect civilians?
- What is the U.N. doing in Sudan?
- What are the views of the African Union on the proposed transfer to the UN?
- Why is the Sudanese government refusing to accept a UN force?
- Is the United States going to send troops to Darfur?
- What is NATO doing in Darfur?
- What is the Arab League doing about Darfur?
- What is the UN Security Council doing about Darfur?
- What kind of sanctions is the U.N. imposing on Sudan?
- What is the International Criminal Court doing on Darfur?
- What are the religious dimensions of the conflict in Darfur?
- What are the ethnic divisions in Darfur?
- How are people surviving in Darfur?
- Why would the Sudanese government organize the Janjaweed militias?
- Who assists the Sudanese government?
Since early 2003, Sudanese government forces and ethnic militia called "Janjaweed" have engaged in an armed conflict with two rebel groups called the Sudanese Liberation Army/Movement (SLA/SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). As part of its operations against the rebels, government forces have waged a systematic campaign of "ethnic cleansing" against the civilian population who are members of the same ethnic groups as the rebels.
Between 2003 and 2005, the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed militias burned and destroyed hundreds of rural villages, killed tens of thousands of people and raped and assaulted thousands of women and girls. The government's campaign forced more than two million Darfurians from their homes. As of 2006, some 1.8 million live in camps in Darfur and approximately 220,000 have fled into Chad, where they live in refugee camps. In addition to the people displaced by the conflict, at least 1.5 million other people need some form of food assistance because the conflict has destroyed the local economy, markets and trade in Darfur.
What is happening in Darfur now?
In early 2005, the number of government attacks on civilians dropped, partly because the vast majority of rural villages were already destroyed and their inhabitants displaced from the rural areas. As of 2006, however, the situation has dramatically worsened and the fighting has increased. Janjaweed forces with Chadian rebels are conducting attacks over the border into Chad. Janjaweed militias are also continuing to attack civilians and humanitarian aid workers, and are even attacking the camps for internally displaced in Darfur.
Why is the situation in Darfur deteriorating?
One of the key problems is that the Sudanese government continues to follow a policy of supporting ethnic militias, organizing attacks on the civilian population and permitting violations of international law to go unpunished. This has led to a climate of impunity in Darfur, which in turn has allowed other armed groups to flourish and rob and attack civilians and aid workers. The rebel groups are also responsible for abuses, including attacks on aid convoys and some killings of civilians.
What is the African Union doing in Darfur?
The African Union mediated an April 2004 ceasefire and sent in a ceasefire monitoring team in May 2004. As violence against civilians continued in 2004, the African Union force (AMIS) expanded and received funding and equipment from the European Union, the United Kingodm, the United States and other partners. The AMIS force now numbers 7,000 personnel, including more than 6,000 troops whose mandate includes monitoring the ceasefire and protecting civilians under "imminent threat." The African Union is also mediating negotiations for a peace agreement between the Sudanese government and the rebel movements, in Abuja, Nigeria.
What can be done to protect civilians?
The most urgent need is for a much more powerful, well-equipped international force in Darfur. The African Union force (AMIS) has managed to improve security in certain places where they deployed, but none of the warring parties are respecting the ceasefire and the Sudanese government continues to support the abusive Janjaweed, rather than disarming them. AMIS lacks the numbers of troops and the kind of equipment needed to effectively operate in such a difficult environment.
A U.N. force would be larger, better equipped and more financially stable than the current AU force, since it could draw on global personnel, capacity and on UN financing. The current African Union forces would probably be absorbed into a UN force.
The U.N. force must have the strongest possible mandate to protect civilians, under Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter, and the international community must continue to pressure the Sudanese government to end its abusive policies in Darfur. Until a U.N. force comes in during the next six to nine months, the African Union must be bolstered with funds, equipment and other support.
What is the U.N. doing in Sudan?
The U.N. already has a peacekeeping mandate for southern Sudan, where the January 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement recently ended the twenty-one year civil war between the Sudanese government and southern rebels known as the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A). The U.N. mission in Sudan, known as UNMIS, will eventually deploy 10,000 troops to monitor and implement the north-south agreement. As of January 2006, there are 5,300 foreign troops from sixty-one countries participating in UNMIS and deployed in Khartoum and southern Sudan.
What are the views of the African Union on the proposed transfer to the UN?
On January 12, the African Union agreed in principle to a transition to a UN force. The African Union never intended for its force in Darfur to become a permanent peacekeeping force in the region. Since early February, however, the Sudanese government has mounted a massive public relations campaign against a U.N. force and has even threatened to withdraw from the African Union if a UN force enters Darfur.
Why is the Sudanese government refusing to accept a UN force?
The Sudanese government claims that a U.N. force will violate its sovereignty and that the intervention of western troops will turn Sudan into another Iraq. Yet Sudan has already agreed to a U.N. force of 10,000 troops to monitor the peace agreement ending the twenty-one year civil war in southern Sudan, and more than 6,000 troops from Africa are already present in Darfur, so its resistance to a U.N. force in Darfur is puzzling. One reason for the Sudanese government's reluctance may be that it fears that a U.N. presence with U.N. Security Council backing will play a much stronger role in protecting civilians and demanding accountability and thereby hamper its own policy of ethnic cleansing in Darfur.
Is the United States going to send troops to Darfur?
There are no indications that the U.S.-or any other Western country-is preparing or planning to send troops to Darfur, although there are some U.S. technical advisors and military observers already working with the AU. Currently, there are more than 6,000 African troops on the ground in Darfur, mainly from Nigeria and Rwanda. If the U.N. takes over the AU mission then they will probably "re-hat" or absorb these African troops into a U.N. mission and then provide more troops, most likely from Africa or Asia.
What is NATO doing in Darfur?
In April 2005, the African Union requested technical support from NATO, mainly in the form of airlift capacity. Practically, this means that NATO provides logistical support to the African Union, such as airplanes for transport of troops, and expert technical advisors who provide training or advice on logistics, communications and other matters. NATO does not have any troops on the ground in Darfur and has publicly stated that it does not have plans to send troops to Darfur.
How does the Sudanese government explain the situation in Darfur?
In the first few years of the conflict, the Sudanese government regularly described the situation in Darfur as "tribal clashes" and consistently refused to acknowledge its responsibility for systematic attacks on civilians. It also tried to limit media access to Darfur and detained the Al Jazeera correspondent in Khartoum for several weeks in 2004 after the broadcast agency transmitted reports about Darfur. Khartoum has also accused international journalists and human rights groups of "fabricating" the Darfur situation, despite the overwhelming evidence of the Sudanese government's responsibility for the crimes.
What is the Arab League doing about Darfur?
The Arab League has been largely silent on the atrocities in Darfur. This is probably because Sudan is a member of the Arab League and the Sudanese government has close relations with Egypt and other fellow Arab League members. The Arab League did send a fact-finding mission to Darfur in May 2004 but although its report concluded that serious atrocities were taking place, the Arab League has yet to publicly condemn or criticize the massive human rights abuses in Sudan. The coming Arab League summit on March 28-29 represents an opportunity for the Arab League to take a leadership position in condemning the atrocities and deteriorating conditions in Darfur. The Arab League should also unequivocably back the swift transition from A.U. to U.N. peacekeeping forces.
What is the UN Security Council doing about Darfur?
The UN Security Council is divided on Sudan because different member states have divergent interests. Russia and China have often supported the Sudanese government due to their economic interests--the Chinese, for instance, import 5% of their oil from Sudan. The Security Council did take two important steps in 2005, however. One was that they referred the situation in Darfur to the International Criminal Court in the Hague because of the massive crimes that took place in Darfur. The second step was establishing a sanctions committee and a panel of experts to investigate individuals who violate the arms embargo, commit abuses of human rights, or impede the peace process.
What kind of sanctions is the U.N. imposing on Sudan?
At present, there are no U.N. sanctions on Sudan. The sanctions being discussed at the U.N. Security Council are targeted sanctions on individuals, such as travel bans and freezing foreign bank accounts and other assets. The U.N. panel of experts recommended that seventeen people, including the Sudanese Minister of Defense, Major-General Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein, nine other government officials, two Janjaweed militia leaders and five Darfur rebel commanders be sanctioned. As of March 2006, some of the Sudanese government's allies on the Security Council, including Qatar, have apparently been stalling any progress in the sanctions committee.
What is the International Criminal Court doing on Darfur?
The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into the crimes in Darfur in June 2005. The ICC has the mandate to investigate those individuals responsible for crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide since July 2002 in accordance with the Rome Statute. The Prosecutor is currently conducting investigations from outside Darfur. To date the Prosecutor has not had access to Darfur to conduct investigations. The Sudanese government has publicly indicated it will not cooperate with the ICC and insists that it will try criminals in Darfur itself, in a Special Court. However, there is no indication that the Sudanese justice system is seriously investigating or prosecuting any of the government officials, militia leaders, or other individuals responsible for serious crimes in Darfur.
What are the religious dimensions of the conflict in Darfur?
All of the people in Darfur are Muslim. The Sudanese government and its Janjaweed militias are also Muslim. There have been incidents, however, of government forces and Janjaweed destroying mosques, killing imams and others seeking refuge inside mosques, and desecrating the Koran while attacking civilians.
What are the ethnic divisions in Darfur?
There are many different ethnic groups in Darfur with their own languages and customs. The rebel movements are drawn from three main ethnic groups: the Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit, all of which are considered non-Arab tribes. The Janjaweed militias recruited by the Sudanese government are mainly drawn from several small Arab nomadic tribes who historically have no access to land and migrated into Darfur from Chad in the 1980s. Historically these groups coexisted peacefully and there was intermarriage between Arab and African ethnic groups, despite occasional clashes over resources. There are also many larger Arab tribes in Darfur who have not participated in the conflict, so it is an over-simplification to describe Darfur as an African-Arab conflict.
How are people surviving in Darfur?
The majority of the displaced people in Darfur-1.8 million-are now living in camps where they are almost entirely dependent on international humanitarian assistance. They cannot leave the camps because they continue to be attacked by the militias and women are raped on a daily basis when they try to collect firewood outside the camps. People cannot return to their homes due to the continuing presence of government-backed militias in the rural areas.
Why would the Sudanese government organize the Janjaweed militias?
Many of the members of the Sudanese armed forces are from Darfur, so the government may have been reluctant to use those troops in a conflict in their own region. In addition, the government of Sudan has often used militias as proxy forces. The use of militias provides the government with "deniability;" it claims, as it has in the south, that it cannot "control" the militias. There is no evidence, however, that it has actually attempted to do so. The militias allow the Sudanese government to have a large armed force at its disposal that will serve loyally as a counterinsurgency force, as the militias stand to benefit financially (loot and land) from their participation in the fighting.
Who assists the Sudanese government?
The Sudanese government buys and receives military supplies from several countries, including China, Russia, Belarus and others. Sudan's government revenues have increased substantially since it began exporting oil in August 1999-it is now estimated to be between one-half and one billion dollars a year. As a result, Sudan has been able to purchase additional attack helicopters, MiGs, and other materiel. These new weapons and aircraft have been shifted from the 21-year war in the south to Darfur after October 2002, when a ceasefire in the south was reached.
Related Suggestions
I apologize and bid you all Salam!
Don't be ridiculous. How can a Muslim be Islamophobic... the assertion is ridiculous. I most certainly do not bash Islam in any way shape or form.
The Anglo-Saxons are not the occupiers of Native lands. The natives are gone in any significant numbers and have been for some time. Besides your historical reference is pointless. Just because something was ok to a bunch of thugs a century ago is no justification for it to continue. Your moral relativity is quite frankly disgusting. Morality is not comparative.
Hispanics have greviances but they are no where near close to a rebellion. The mere suggestion that they are suggests that you are not from "this part of the world". Can you explain why your posts are full of name calling and accusations? Why are you incapable of independent discussion of the facts at hand without making personal remarks?
There is most definitely such a thing like Arabization of Sudan.
In Sudan the ethnic Arabs are a minority and for all intents and purposes Sudan is an Arab country only in name.
The groups that fight are part of the NON ARAB majority of Sudan. They are not Arab. Period. So they have an unwritten language... That language is still their identity. It is who they are and their ethnicity. Some of those languages do have a written form by the way... though not all.
That some of them have to use Arabic to write doesn't make them Arabs.
You continuosly blame the US for Muslim problems... when the US and Europe were only able to become a problem for Muslims because of Muslim problems. Attitudes that blame outsiders are defeatist and completely lacking in any kind of productivity. The Muslim world was falling behind technologically before Israel and America had even been thought of... and it was to inherent problems that had evolved in the Muslim community among which included arrogance, laziness, a failure to innovate, a propensity to imitate and above all denial.
As for what you say:"A ridiculous comparison... as they are 1. immigrants 2. a minority 3. they have no reason to rebel. You just proved my point with Aesop. The Anglo-Saxons are the occupiers of the Native lands. They subdued them by slaughtering them to almost extinction. They are too few, too marginalized, too oppressed to stage a rebelion. The Hispanic are quite a majority in certain states and they are getting more and more frustrated over the Anglicization projects of Washington. But how would you know, the way you talk one can conclude that you are not from this part of the world.
There isn't such a thing like Arabization of Sudan. Sudan is Arab in all aspects. The minority groups that fight are of different tribes that have an unwritten language, if they want to confer a message it will be in Arabic. The beligerent tribes speak different dielects and languages, they use Arabic as lingua franca. They could use a Western language of the colonizers, French, English, Spanish or Dutch, but hey why would they learn and use the language of those that sucked their blood for ages? Sounds stupid to me. How does it sound to you, brother?
Why I don't accept that there is a problem with the Muslim world?Of course,I accept that USA and her gang(The Coalition of the willing) together with the greatest evil,Israel,are the problems and the blocks impeding the prosper and development of the Muslim countries.For the Muslim world there is no greater enamy than Western Imperialism and Neo-colonialism!If you caqn't see that, you are spiritually blind.
1. immigrants
2. a minority
3. they have no reason to rebel.
Native American groups are small and insignificant... and Latino Californians don't want to split off or rejoin Mexico... and the legal ones have representation in the government.
When were you in Sudan last time? How much you know about Sudan or the crisis brought by these atrocities on the Sudanese of the South?
Arabization of Sudan is not like the "Anglicization of USA" People learn to speak English because it is a majority English speaking country... and all states volunteered to join Arab countries and African countries did not choose to become part... further no one forces anyone who doesn't want to to learn and speak English.
Ok Arabic is the English of Islam. So what?
Not every Muslim strives to master Arabic and your ethnocentric view of the Islamic inferiority of those who do not is disgusting.
Sudan is an Arabic(official) speaking country with Islam as her overwhelming religion. However the majority of the people DO NOT KNOW ARABIC.
Why are you so paranoid and when will you accept that the Muslim world has a lot of problems... and that it is people like you who justify, apologize and belittle such problems that are holding Islam down... If the West dominated the Muslim world it is because the Muslim world had become weak... it is because of something that had changed from the past when the Muslim world was great until today when there is something innately wrong with the thinking and nature of the Muslim world. It is conflicts and massacres like this one that make Islam weak... and the weak minded tribalism behind them.
2. I am going to have to go with the NGOs on this one who hardly paint a favorable picture of the US or Israel in more cases than not either.
3. If the US and Israel are capable of meddling and poking and prodding all over the world what is it that then keeps you from aknowledging that every other nation in the world does the same and also have significant inteligence assets and interests in various countries... I quite frankly find position that everything bad in the world is from the US or Israel naive. Every government in the world uses inteligence services to their own interests... often in an immoral way...
4. This conflict as should be clear is like Hudd said a civil one... there are rebel groups and they are armed... that the Sudan government (despite Hudd's claims) has decided to use against them demoralizing (state terror) tactics is awful and needs to be addressed... but no one whould think for a second that the reasons for this were not partially related to be seperatists... part of which may be the result of Khartoum's arabization projects... and the popular rejection thereof... the same was true of the south where it was not a religious conflict and where Muslims were mistreated beside their Muslim brothers...
Sudan is NOT an Arab country. It is a country run by arabs however. Conflicts in central America and the south... pale in comparisan to this and defending such an evil government is degrading to Islam
Salaam
Peace!...untill we meet again. (and hope to be peace after as well).
As I've said earlier, I can handle a loads of slanders poured on me quite easily. This time your accusations just were way more serious than before. I couldn't find your reasons to call me a fraud in your last post. And in what way I've tricked you. Do you mean that I've been deliberately lying to you and others for some hidden objectives all this time I've been around?(that's about three years) I can take much shit, but if you call me deliberate liar, it's all kaput & adios. I cut all contacts with you. Big deal? No, no-one dies.
Honesty is something one can't grant to oneself, it's something others grant to someone. So, I don't go telling I'm honest guy. It's you're problem to figure out, and I can't help you. I just tell that I keep honesty in very high esteem.
Just tell me you overreacted and things are settled. Otherwise I want to hear more about your motives to suggest I'm a liar.
About the imaginary claims. I told you already ONE true example taken from Islam Online (US sub ----> tsunami). There is plenty of factual material to rise accusations against US and Israel. Why to fabricate this kind of BS? Is it a form of some kind of "westernophobia"? You were true to point out that this example is not taken from IslamiCity. That's the main reason I make my comments here, there's quality here that many other pages lack.
OK, peoples of Sudan are of same race. That, still, don't nececcarily rule out racism. Racism can be based on multitude of reasons, not on skincolour only. Got to run now, I'm late.
Peace...(moaning) till the next storm
"What the heck is this supposed to mean?? I'm a finn, yes, I don't live in NY and I am not a jew. False advertizing??" Good for you Sirius. Like I said even if you were Jewish I wouldn't have a problem with you, I have a lot of Jewish people around me, problem was that if you were and not telling, I could not understand where you were coming from, and thus false advertizing and misconceptions. You see, it so happens that I came into contact with Finns. A group of them were visiting Palestine/Israel when I met them in Jerusalem when myself I was there a tourist. They were Christians searching for Jesus,pbuh. When I talked to them they expressed their feeling in the same manner as if they were Muslims! I was pleasently shocked. Never heard such strong anti-Israeli criticism from the flocking US based Baptists, but with the exception of few. In my books you didn't fit a Finnish patern, but hey, my bad, I stand corrected.
"I'm not very much concerned about their image. Indeed, most of the time I've been tarnishing them. All I said was I don't accept all imaginary claims they are targeted with." OK Sirius, which ikmaginary claims would those be? I'm just curious. And please keep it to our website. What on earth did you read on this website that was an imaginary claim? Come on, tell me.
"Oh, Hudd, I have not changed. If you now think you have the "final profile" of me, that's your problem." How could this be my problem? Your image is getting tarnish. I like straightforward people. Let me rephrase, I prefer an open enamy than a deceiving friend.
"Well, it may be that I'm among that ignorant public. Got to do some crosschecing." Concerning race, the Sudanese are black(negroids) more or less dark, depending of how much foreign blood they mixed in. The foreign blood is not necessarily all Arab, but local Toureg, Ottoman(these are not Arabs), Mameluk(Georgian,Caucassian).
Back to your comment, the Islamic world doesn't accuse USA and Israel of things they do to in the peremeters of their countries! The Islamic world doesn't accuse USA and Isreal of everything, the Islamic world accuses Israel of illegally occupying Palestinian lands that are not Israel according to the UN partition of the land from 1948. This is not everything but it is everything for the oppressed Palestinian people. The Islamic world does not accuse USA of everything but of invading Muslim lands and murdering the innocent un-armed populationh and of course the continous support for the aparthait Zionist terroristic regime of Western Palestine, a.k.a. Israel! This is not everything but it might be everything for the people affected by these dishonest acts.
In Darfur; the element of racism is a Western desease which is ridiculous to be applied here. You don't listen, the people of Sudan are black that speak Arabic among other languages. Those that speak only Arabic are black too, yes Arabized ethnicities of the region. No Arabian Arab lives there as the media try to confuse the world. Refering to some Sudanese as Arabs versus Blacks is to create discord and hatred in the ignorant public.
I hope the things in Darfur would cool down. Wouldn't it serve better islamophobia if one of the groups involved were not muslims? I think the concerns are more about racism than islam there?
I don't know how you measure the size of conflicts, but 200 000 dead, 2000 000 dislocated people, massrapes etc. sound pretty bad to me.
Peace
Ther e is a large reserve of oil in that area and that is the reason of all the chaous.
who cause this? think and you will know who is behind.
I did'nt even know that not only that there are some government officials (of Sudan) from Dafur but also many of its military officials are from there. And still these people watched (and even help) the so called "janjaveed" to cleanse ("ethnically"?) the Dafur region!? How on earth the pig-heads at the U.N. believe this type of trash baffles me. I mean this is the type of story you dare not tell even a ten year old who happens to be looking for essay material for his homework. Cos' the questions the child will come out with could leave you hating urself.
This story about Dafur points to one fact only, and that is the idea of givin dog a bad name..Well thanks be to Allah that the neo-cons seems to be busy, Or is it? in the M.E., central Africa can be spared for now. But let nobody be in doubt this is about Islam bashing and resource grab of the M.E. and Africa.
But Sudan is our next Islamic republic and the next seat of the Caliphate insha-Allah. We may have a long way to reach but it certainly will be achieved!