Science and technology in Islamic history

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mtech wrote:

Science has never been separate from Islam. Objective study of this subject will reveal that Islamic texts - Qur'an and the Sunnah, provided a tremendous boost for study of the physical world and the laws that govern it. As a result, discoveries and inventions became the hallmarks of the Islamic civilization.�

Science in the Islamic world has played an important role in the history of science. There have also been some notable Muslim scientists in the present day. The following is an incomplete list of notable Muslim scientists.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scientists

Astronomers and Astrophysicists
Main article: List of Muslim astronomers
Further information: Islamic astronomy
     ▪     Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
     ▪     Jafar al-Sadiq
     ▪     Yaqūb ibn Tāriq
     ▪     Ibrahim al-Fazari
     ▪     Muhammad al-Fazari
     ▪     Naubakht
     ▪     Al-Khwarizmi, also a mathematician
     ▪     Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
     ▪     Al-Farghani
     ▪     Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
     ▪     Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
     ▪     Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
     ▪     Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
     ▪     Thābit ibn Qurra (Thebit)
     ▪     Sinan ibn Thabit
     ▪     Ibrahim ibn Sinan
     ▪     Al-Majriti
     ▪     Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
     ▪     Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
     ▪     Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
     ▪     Abu Sa'id Gorgani
     ▪     Kushyar ibn Labban
     ▪     Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
     ▪     Al-Mahani
     ▪     Al-Marwazi
     ▪     Al-Nayrizi
     ▪     Al-Saghani
     ▪     Al-Farghani
     ▪     Abu Nasr Mansur
     ▪     Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi)
     ▪     Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
     ▪     Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
     ▪     Ibn Yunus
     ▪     Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
     ▪     Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
     ▪     Avicenna
     ▪     Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
     ▪     Omar Khayy�m
     ▪     Al-Khazini
     ▪     Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
     ▪     Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
     ▪     Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)
     ▪     Averroes
     ▪     Al-Jazari
     ▪     Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
     ▪     Anvari
     ▪     Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
     ▪     Nasir al-Din Tusi
     ▪     Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
     ▪     Ibn al-Shatir
     ▪     Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
     ▪     Jamshīd al-Kāshī
     ▪     Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician
     ▪     Taqi al-Din, Ottoman astronomer
     ▪     Ahmad Nahavandi
     ▪     Haly Abenragel
     ▪     Abolfadl Harawi
     ▪     Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir)[1][2]
     ▪     Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program[3]
     ▪     Abdul Kalam
     ▪     Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
     ▪     Muhammed Faris
     ▪     Abdul Ahad Mohmand
     ▪     Talgat Musabayev
     ▪     Anousheh Ansari
     ▪     Amir Ansari
     ▪     Essam Heggy, a planetary scientist involved in the NASA Mars Exploration Program[4]
     ▪     Ahmed Salem
     ▪     Mohamed Sultan
     ▪     Shadia Habbal specialist in sun physics.
     ▪     Sultana Nurun Nahar specialist in atomic astrophysics and spectroscopy.
     ▪     Ahmed Noor[5]
     ▪     [removed due to inaccuracy/unverifiable fact]
     ▪     Arif Babul, Distinguished Professor and Director, Canadian Computational Cosmology Collaboration, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria - an Astrophysiscist involved in research pertaining to Formation and Evolution of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies... [6]; Also See interview at [7]

Chemists and Alchemists
Further information: Alchemy (Islam)
     ▪     Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
     ▪     Jafar al-Sadiq
     ▪     Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber), father of chemistry[8][9][10]
     ▪     Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman)
     ▪     Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
     ▪     Al-Majriti
     ▪     Ibn Miskawayh
     ▪     Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
     ▪     Avicenna
     ▪     Al-Khazini
     ▪     Nasir al-Din Tusi
     ▪     Hasan al-Rammah
     ▪     Ibn Khaldun
     ▪     Sake Dean Mahomet
     ▪     Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
     ▪     Al-Khwārizmī Father of Al-Gabra, (Mathematics)
     ▪     Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999[11]
     ▪     Ali Eftekhari

Economists and Social Scientists
Further information: Islamic sociology,�Early Muslim sociology,�and�Islamic economics in the world
See also: List of Muslim historians�and Historiography of early Islam
     ▪     Abu Hanifa an-Nu�man (699-767), economist
     ▪     Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist
     ▪     Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854�931), economist
     ▪     Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873�950), economist
     ▪     Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science[12]
     ▪     Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
     ▪     Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[13] and father of Indology[14]
     ▪     Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980�1037), economist
     ▪     Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
     ▪     Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058�1111), economist
     ▪     Al-Mawardi (1075�1158), economist
     ▪     Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201-1274), economist
     ▪     Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), sociologist
     ▪     Ibn Taymiyyah (1263�1328), economist
     ▪     Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), forerunner of social sciences[15] such as demography,[16] cultural history,[17] historiography,[18] philosophy of history,[19] sociology[16][19] and economics[20][21]
     ▪     Al-Maqrizi (1364-1442), economist
     ▪     Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
     ▪     Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[22][23]
     ▪     Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi economist; successful user of microcredit and microfinance[24][25]
     ▪     (Abdullahi Anshur Jimale)British Ctizen origin Somali,economist;successful user of Computer Accountance & Payroll

Geographers and Earth Scientists
Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution

     ▪     Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[26]
     ▪     Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[27]
     ▪     Qusta ibn Luqa
     ▪     Ibn Al-Jazzar
     ▪     Al-Tamimi
     ▪     Al-Masihi
     ▪     Avicenna
     ▪     Ali ibn Ridwan
     ▪     Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
     ▪     Ahmad ibn Fadlan
     ▪     Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy,[13][16] considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist"[13]
     ▪     Avicenna
     ▪     Ibn Jumay
     ▪     Abd-el-latif
     ▪     Averroes
     ▪     Ibn al-Nafis
     ▪     Ibn al-Quff
     ▪     Ibn Battuta
     ▪     Ibn Khaldun
     ▪     Piri Reis
     ▪     Evliya �elebi
     ▪     Zaghloul El-Naggar
Abdullahi Anshur Jimale

Mathematicians
Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies
     ▪     Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
     ▪     Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
     ▪     Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra[28] and algorithms[29]
     ▪     'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
     ▪     Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412-1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[30]
     ▪     Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
     ▪     Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
     ▪     Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
     ▪     Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
     ▪     Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
     ▪     Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
     ▪     Al-Mahani
     ▪     Ahmed ibn Yusuf
     ▪     Thābit ibn Qurra (Thebit)
     ▪     Sinan ibn Thabit
     ▪     Ibrahim ibn Sinan
     ▪     Al-Majriti
     ▪     Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
     ▪     Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
     ▪     Al-Khalili
     ▪     Al-Nayrizi
     ▪     Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
     ▪     Brethren of Purity
     ▪     Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
     ▪     Al-Saghani
     ▪     Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
     ▪     Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
     ▪     Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
     ▪     Ibn Sahl
     ▪     Al-Sijzi
     ▪     Ibn Yunus
     ▪     Abu Nasr Mansur
     ▪     Kushyar ibn Labban
     ▪     Al-Karaji
     ▪     Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
     ▪     Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
     ▪     Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
     ▪     Al-Nasawi
     ▪     Al-Jayyani
     ▪     Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
     ▪     Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
     ▪     Omar Khayy�m
     ▪     Al-Khazini
     ▪     Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
     ▪     Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
     ▪     Al-Marrakushi
     ▪     Al-Samawal
     ▪     Averroes
     ▪     Avicenna
     ▪     Hunayn ibn Ishaq
     ▪     Ibn al-Banna'
     ▪     Ibn al-Shatir
     ▪     Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
     ▪     Jamshīd al-Kāshī
     ▪     Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
     ▪     Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
     ▪     Maryam Mirzakhani
     ▪     Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
     ▪     Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
     ▪     Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
     ▪     Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
     ▪     Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
     ▪     Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
     ▪     Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
     ▪     Taqi al-Din
     ▪     Ulugh Beg
     ▪     Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Iranian computer scientist; founder of Fuzzy Mathematics and fuzzy set theory[31][32]
     ▪     Cumrun Vafa
     ▪     Jeffrey Lang Professor at the University of Kansas converted to Islam from atheism

Biologists, Neuroscientists and Psychologists
Further information: Islamic psychological thought
     ▪     Ibn Sirin (654�728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[33]
     ▪     Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[34]
     ▪     Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[35]
     ▪     Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[36] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[37]
     ▪     Najab ud-din Muhammad, pioneer of mental disorder classification[38]
     ▪     Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[39]
     ▪     Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[39]
     ▪     Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[40]
     ▪     Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[41]
     ▪     Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time[42]
     ▪     Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of physiological psychology,[38] neuropsychiatry,[43] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[44]
     ▪     Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[40]
     ▪     Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[40]
     ▪     Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[45]
     ▪     Teepu Siddique, neurologist and pioneer in neurogenetics and ALS.
     ▪     Pardis Sabeti

Physicians and Surgeons
Main article: Muslim doctors
Further information: Islamic medicine
     ▪     Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
     ▪     Jafar al-Sadiq
     ▪     Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[46]
     ▪     Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[47]
     ▪     Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887)
     ▪     Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection
     ▪     Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[35]
     ▪     Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
     ▪     Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854�931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review[48]
     ▪     Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
     ▪     Ibn Al-Jazzar (circa 898-980)
     ▪     Abul Hasan al-Tabari - physician
     ▪     Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari - physician
     ▪     Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[49]
     ▪     Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[50]
     ▪     Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) - father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[40] craniotomy,[49] hematology[51] and dental surgery[52]
     ▪     Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[53] and visual perception[54]
     ▪     Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
     ▪     Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern medicine,[55] founder of Unani medicine,[51] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[56] aromatherapy,[57] pulsology and sphygmology,[58] and also a philosopher
     ▪     Ibn Miskawayh
     ▪     Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery,[59] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, experimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[60] and tracheotomy[61]
     ▪     Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
     ▪     Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
     ▪     Averroes
     ▪     Ibn al-Baitar
     ▪     Ibn Jazla
     ▪     Nasir al-Din Tusi
     ▪     Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[62] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[63] pulsology and sphygmology[64]
     ▪     Ibn al-Quff (1233-1305), pioneer of modern embryology[49]
     ▪     Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
     ▪     Ibn Khatima (14th century), pioneer of bacteriology and microbiology[65]
     ▪     Ibn al-Khatib (1313-1374)
     ▪     Mansur ibn Ilyas
     ▪     Saghir Akhtar - pharmacist
     ▪     Toffy Musivand
     ▪     Samuel Rahbar
     ▪     Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of fibromyalgia"[66]
     ▪     Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[67][68]
     ▪     Hulusi Beh�et, known for the discovery of Beh�et's disease
     ▪     Ibrahim B. Syed - radiologist
     ▪     Mehmet �z, cardiothoracic surgeon

Physicists & Engineers
Further information: Islamic physics
     ▪     Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
     ▪     Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
     ▪     Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
     ▪     Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
     ▪     Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
     ▪     Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
     ▪     Thābit ibn Qurra (Thebit), 9th century
     ▪     Al-Saghani, 10th century
     ▪     Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
     ▪     Ibn Sahl, 10th century
     ▪     Ibn Yunus, 10th century
     ▪     Al-Karaji, 10th century
     ▪     Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[69] pioneer of scientific method[70] and experimental physics,[71] considered the "first scientist"[72]
     ▪     Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[73]
     ▪     Avicenna, 11th century
     ▪     Al-Khazini, 12th century
     ▪     Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
     ▪     Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
     ▪     Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
     ▪     Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[10] father of modern engineering[74]
     ▪     Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
     ▪     Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
     ▪     Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
     ▪     Hasan al-Rammah, 13th century
     ▪     Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
     ▪     Taqi al-Din, 16th century
     ▪     Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century
     ▪     Lagari Hasan �elebi, 17th century
     ▪     Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century
     ▪     Tipu Sultan, 18th century Indian mechanician
     ▪     Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
     ▪     Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist
     ▪     Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist
     ▪     Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president
     ▪     Abdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear scientist
     ▪     Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist
     ▪     Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist
     ▪     Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist
     ▪     Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Egyptian-born German Particle Physisist
     ▪     Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American Particle Physicist
     ▪     Abdus Salam, Pakistani theoretical physicist - Nobel Prize in Physics 1979
     ▪     Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist
     ▪     Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
     ▪     Munir Ahmad Khan, Pakistani nuclear engineer
     ▪     Pervez Hoodbhoy, Pakistani nuclear physicist

Political Scientists
     ▪     Syed Qutb
     ▪     Abul Ala Maududi
     ▪     Hasan al-Turabi
     ▪     Hassan al-Banna
     ▪     Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
     ▪     Shoaib ur Rehman Mughal

Other scientists and inventors
     ▪     Azizul Haque
     ▪     Prof Dr Mohammad Sharif Chattar
     ▪     Dr Allama Iqbal