Before answer your question let me explain what kind of ritual that we have on birth, marriage and death.
On birth event Islam doesn't have much ritual, even we can say that there is no ritual (no baptism etc). Yes in many Muslim country/community there some ceremony, but it's not prescribed by Islamic teaching. Just a local tradition. The only Islamic ritual on birth is reciting the adzan (call for prayer) on the ears of the new born baby, but this is also not mandatory.
On marriage, the ritual is very much only transaction and statement fo commitment between the bride and the groom, this is also very simple.
On death perhaps the most sacred ritual of the three, because there are multiple process. First bathing the death, second wrapping the death, praying the death (salat) then burying the death.
1. What impact do rituals of birth, marriage and death have on groups and individuals?
It's difficult to measure the impact, because the impact is not physical but spiritual. Because spiritual, it's very depends on of the seriousness of the participant.
2. What elements of these rituals separate the sacred from the profane? Basically just the seriousness or focuses is the element that separate the sacred and the propane. For birth very little ceremony so very much no element that we should worry that much. For marriage, as long you provide a few requirements you will be OK. Something with the death ritual. Again the most important thing are the state of your mind during that ritual.
3. Which elements of the rituals transform the participants?
Again, because it's very difficult to measured. Perhaps the most touching part are the prayer for the death, that remind all participant sooner or later find the same fate.
4. Is there anything which might be difficult for people of other religions to understand about these rituals? No, because in Islam there is not much process beyond logic on the ritual.
5. How does religion meet the spiritual and emotional needs of its members through the rituals of birth, marriage and death? Just need focus.
6. Why are the rituals of birth, death and marriage important to Islamic faith? Ritual in birth is not really important. In marriage is important because will define your relationship between husband and wife will be acceptable or not. In death also important because, it's ritual will be one of the initial step to return to God. However, somehow if we don't do properly, it's not the dead that will get the "consequence" but the Muslim community that will get the punishment (sins).
7. Why is it necessary to practice these rituals?
The answer will be similar with number 6. It's not mandatory to do any ritual for birth. In marriage to make the relationship betwen the bride and the groom (specially sexual relationship become legal). For death, to make the death clean and ready return to God. However again, it 's the responsibility of the survive to do this properly, the dead will not get any consequence if there is any mistake.
------------- Salam/Peace,
Semar
"We are people who do not eat until we are hungry and do not eat to our fill." (Prophet Muhammad PBUH)
"1/3 of your stomach for food, 1/3 for water, 1/3 for air"
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