Sighting Possibilities for Shawwal 1426
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Topic: Sighting Possibilities for Shawwal 1426
Posted By: rami
Subject: Sighting Possibilities for Shawwal 1426
Date Posted: 01 November 2005 at 10:15pm
Bi ismillahir rahmanir raheem
assalamu alaikum
The following is used to indicate where in the world the moon can be
seen from, it must still be seen by human eye as shariah law states.
Sighting Possibilities for Shawwal 1426
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Eid-al-Fitr:
The Astronomical New Moon is on Wednesday, November 2, 2005, at 1:25
Universal Time, i.e. November 1, 8:25pm Eastern Standard Time - or
5:25pm Pacific Standard Time. On November 2, the moon would be about 24
hours old on West Coast of USA and still not visible even by
telescopes, because the moon will be in Southern Hemisphere. It could
be seen in South America and possibly with aided eye
(Binocular/telescope) in South Africa. Although it may be possible to
see a moon in perfect conditions in some South American countries like
Chile, it is highly unlikely, because the moon is setting in less than
25 minutes after the sunset (in Santiago, Chile), and the sky is too
bright with the glare of the sun even after 25 minutes. "ISNA accepts
sighting within 48 contiguous states of USA and the whole North America
is outside all possible visibility curves. So, Eid in North America Eid
is expected to be on Friday, November 4, 2005. Similarly, in Europe,
Asia, Middle East and Australia, Eid is expected to be on Friday,
November 4, 2005, if sighting is the criterion. Visibility curve for
November 3 is also given below:
November 2, 2005 |
Location | Moonset-Sunset | Age (Hrs) | Angle from Sun | Altitude | Remarks |
Sidney, Australia | 17 minutes | 7.0 | 4.4� | 2.4� | Impossible even by telescope |
New Delhi, India | 3 minutes | 10.7 | 6.1� | 0.0� | Impossible even by telescope |
Karachi, Pakistan | 6 minutes | 11.4 | 6.4� | 0.6� | Impossible even by telescope |
Makkah,Saudi Arab | 11 minutes | 13.3 | 7.4� | 1.5� | Impossible even by telescope |
London England UK | -11 minutes | 15.1 | 8.2� | -ve� | Impossible even by telescope |
Miami Florida USA | 22 minutes | 21.2 | 11.3� | 3.6� | Impossible even by telescope |
San Diego CA, USA | 21 minutes | 23.5 | 12.4� | 2.9� | Impossible even by telescope |
Visibility Curve on November 2, 2005
Visibility Curve on November 3, 2005
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Click to find out " http://moonsighting.com/vc-instruc.html" target=" - How to Read the Visibility Map "
Remember: If some one claimed sighting at a location and people west
of that location (within the visibility parabola) did not see the moon
on the same date then that claim is invalid. We have enough scientific
knowledge to screen out wrong claims. If we accept any claims from
anywhere when people see something and think that it was moon, then I
must say that we will be disobaying Allah (SWT) against Surah 2, Ayah
189, "Yas-aloonaka 'anil-Ahillah, qul hiya mawaqeetu linnas-e wal-Hajj," because "Asshamsu wal-qamaru Bi-husbaan" and Ahillah (Crescents) follow that Hiassab.
According to Hanifi Fiqh, to establish authenticity of a sighting
claim, one man's witness or small number of individuals' claim is not
sufficient in clear skies; a large number of witnesses is needed.
http://moonsighting.com/ - http://moonsighting.com/
------------- Rasul Allah (sallah llahu alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever knows himself, knows his Lord" and whoever knows his Lord has been given His gnosis and nearness.
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Replies:
Posted By: rami
Date Posted: 01 November 2005 at 10:30pm
Bi ismillahir rahmanir raheem
to give you an idea of how widespread the confusion is over following calenders or moonsighting,
Sydney Eid Dates 1426 - Mosque by Mosque Guide
Mosque or Organisation | Eid Date | Method | Eid Prayer Time |
Al Azhar Mosque |
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Al-Ghazzali Centre | Thu 3rd or Fri 4th | Moon Sighting | N/A |
Auburn Gallipoli Mosque | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 7:00 am |
Auburn Omar Mosque |
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Green Valley Mosque | Thu 3rd or Fri 4th | Moon Sighting |
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GIYC Liverpool | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 8:00 am |
Haldon St Musallah | Thu 3rd or Fri 4th | Moon Sighting |
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Masjid Fatima Al Zahrah | Thu 3rd or Fri 4th | Moon Sighting |
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Blacktown Mosque | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 7:00 am |
Bonnyrigg Mosque | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 6:45 am |
Dee Why Mosque | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 7:30 am |
Nabi Ikram Granville | Thu 3rd or Fri 4th | Moon Sighting |
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Narwee Musallah | Thu 3rd or Fri 4th | Moon Sighting |
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Illawarra Mosque | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 7:00 am |
Imam Hussain Centre | Fri 4th | Visibility Prediction | 7:00 am |
Lakemba Mosque | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 7:00 am |
Masjid Daarul Imaan | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 8:00am |
Minto Mosque |
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Nepean Mosque |
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Newcastle Mosque | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 8:00 am |
Penshurst Mosque |
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Redfern Mosque |
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Punchbowl Musallah | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 8:00 am |
Quakers Hill Musallah | Thu 3rd or Fri 4th | Moon Sighting | 9:30 am |
Rooty Hill Mosque | Thu 3rd or Fri 4th | Moon Sighting | 8:00 am |
Rydlemere Mosque | Thu 3rd or Fri 4th | Moon Sighting |
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Sefton Mosque | Thu 3rd or Fri 4th | Moon Sighting | 8:00 am |
Smithfield Mosque | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 7:00 am |
Surry Hills Mosque | Thu 3rd or Fri 4th | Moon Sighting |
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Tempe Mosque |
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Zetland Mosque | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 8:00 am |
Woodward Park Liverpool | Thu 3rd | Pre Determined | 7:30 am |
the blank spaces are unknown as yet.
------------- Rasul Allah (sallah llahu alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever knows himself, knows his Lord" and whoever knows his Lord has been given His gnosis and nearness.
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Posted By: AhmadJoyia
Date Posted: 02 November 2005 at 10:59am
Nice piece of info at the right time. I appreciate it. May Allah bless you.
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Posted By: ak_m_f
Date Posted: 02 November 2005 at 12:51pm
Posted By: AhmadJoyia
Date Posted: 02 November 2005 at 8:14pm
I am highly disappointed to say that the website http://www.moonsighting.com - www.moonsighting.com has contradicted itself by declaring Eid on Thrusday for North America on one side and making it "impossible" on the other side both on the same webpage. This is totally beyond comprehension. Is there anyone who can clarify this to me?
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Posted By: rami
Date Posted: 03 November 2005 at 6:00am
Bi ismillahir rahmanir raheem
assalamu alaikum
Torronto is in canada, the above is for sydney mosques only.
br Ahmad can you please quote the information i can not find it on the
site. If you are refering to the opening paragraph it is quoting the
oposing groups in the USA and not declaring anything at this stage.
remember we are not looking for the new moon but the hilal (very fine cresent) which is
seen 1 day after the new moon as the new moon is imposible to see at
any time ever.
New Moon |
Waxing Crescent |
First Quarter |
Waxing Gibbous |
Full Moon |
Waning Gibbous |
Last Quarter |
Waning Crescent |
------------- Rasul Allah (sallah llahu alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever knows himself, knows his Lord" and whoever knows his Lord has been given His gnosis and nearness.
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Posted By: AhmadJoyia
Date Posted: 03 November 2005 at 8:28am
Eid Mubarik! everyone.
Bro Rami, here are the contents of the website
Eid-al-Fitr: The Astronomical New Moon is on Wednesday, November 2, 2005, at 1:25 Universal Time, i.e. November 1, 8:25pm Eastern Standard Time - or 5:25pm Pacific Standard Time. On November 2, the moon would be about 24 hours old on West Coast of USA and still not visible even by telescopes, because the moon will be in Southern Hemisphere. It could be seen in South America (with difficulty by naked eye) and possibly in South Africa (with aided eye - Binocular/telescope). Although it may be possible to see a moon in perfect conditions in some South American countries like Chile, it is highly unlikely, because the moon is setting in less than 25 minutes after the sunset (in Santiago, Chile), and the sky is too bright with the glare of the sun even after 25 minutes. "ISNA accepts sighting within 48 contiguous states of USA and the whole North America is outside all possible visibility curves. So, Eid in North America Eid is expected to be on Friday, November 4, 2005. |
Though, I could have been wrong of understanding b/w new moon and the halal, as what you have indicated, had this categorcial prediction of having Eid on Friday, Nov 4, 2005 had not been mentioned. It is this statement (highlighted and bold) that contradicts their declaration of Eid on Thrusday. Isn't it?
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Posted By: rami
Date Posted: 03 November 2005 at 6:48pm
Bi ismillahir rahmanir raheem
Where have they stated that Eid is on thursday?
it is a confucing statment as they are not clear on terms.
the following is from http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/MoonPhase.html - U.S. Naval Observatory they have said the new moon will be on Nov 2 ie the Wed making the hilal (fine cresent) on thursday and Eid on Friday.
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/moon_phases.html - http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/MoonPhase.html - http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/MoonPhase.html
2005 Phases of the Moon
Universal Time
NEW MOON FIRST QUARTER FULL MOON LAST QUARTER
d h m d h m d h m d h m
JAN. 3 17 46 JAN. 10 12 03 JAN. 17 6 57 JAN. 25 10 32 FEB. 2 7 27 FEB. 8 22 28 FEB. 16 0 16 FEB. 24 4 54 MAR. 3 17 36 MAR. 10 9 10 MAR. 17 19 19 MAR. 25 20 58 APR. 2 0 50 APR. 8 20 32 APR. 16 14 37 APR. 24 10 06 MAY 1 6 24 MAY 8 8 45 MAY 16 8 56 MAY 23 20 18 MAY 30 11 47 JUNE 6 21 55 JUNE 15 1 22 JUNE 22 4 14 JUNE 28 18 23 JULY 6 12 02 JULY 14 15 20 JULY 21 11 00 JULY 28 3 19 AUG. 5 3 05 AUG. 13 2 38 AUG. 19 17 53 AUG. 26 15 18 SEPT. 3 18 45 SEPT. 11 11 37 SEPT. 18 2 01 SEPT. 25 6 41 OCT. 3 10 28 OCT. 10 19 01 OCT. 17 12 14 OCT. 25 1 17 NOV. 2 1 24 NOV. 9 1 57 NOV. 16 0 57 NOV. 23 22 11 DEC. 1 15 01 DEC. 8 9 36 DEC. 15 16 15 DEC. 23 19 36 DEC. 31 3 12
you may also like to see here on there site. http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/moon_phases.html -
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/moon_phases.html#top - New Moon - The Moon's unilluminated side is facing the Earth. The Moon is
not visible (except during a solar eclipse).
------------- Rasul Allah (sallah llahu alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever knows himself, knows his Lord" and whoever knows his Lord has been given His gnosis and nearness.
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Posted By: rami
Date Posted: 03 November 2005 at 7:22pm
U.S. Naval Observatory |
Astronomical Applications Department |
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/" target="_top"> |
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Crescent Moon Visibility
and the Islamic Calendar |
The Islamic calendar is based on lunar months, which begin when
the thin crescent Moon is actually sighted in the western sky after
sunset within a day or so after New Moon. The ancient Hebrew
calendar was also based on actual lunar crescent sightings,
although the modern Hebrew calendar is calculated.
The 12 months of the Islamic calendar are: Muharram, Safar, Rabi'a I,
Rabi'a II, Jumada I, Jumada II, Rajab, Sha'ban, Ramadan, Shawwal,
Dhu al-Q'adah, Dhu al-Hijjah. Since 12 lunar months are, on average,
11 days shorter than the (Gregorian) civil year, the Islamic year shifts
earlier in each civil year by about this amount. The count of years
for the Islamic calendar begins in 622 CE; specificaly, 1 Muharram 1 AH
corresponds to 16 July 622 CE (Julian calendar).
A tabular
Islamic calendar has been established for some non-religious purposes
in which the lengths of the months alternate between 29 and 30 days;
in leap years an extra day is added to the last month, Dhu al-Hijjah.
This calendar consists of a 30-year cycle in which 11 of the 30
years are leap years. Civil dates corresponding to important
Islamic dates in this tabular calendar are:
Islamic New Year 1425 - 2004 February 22
First day of Ramadan - 2004 October 15
Islamic New Year 1426 - 2005 February 10
First day of Ramadan - 2005 October 4
Islamic New Year 1427 - 2006 January 31
First day of Ramadan - 2006 September 24
Islamic New Year 1428 - 2007 January 20
First day of Ramadan - 2007 September 13
The Islamic dates begin at sunset on the previous evening and
end at sunset on the date listed above. These dates may or may
not correspond to the evenings on which the crescent Moon is first
visible, and it is the visibility of the crescent Moon that determines
when the religious observance begins. The Moon's visibility
at these times varies with location; generally, the visibility
increases to the west, and locations in the tropics are favored over
those in middle or high latitudes.
The visibility of the
lunar crescent as a function of the Moon's "age" - the time
counted from New Moon - is obviously of great importance to
Muslims. The date and time of each New Moon can be computed
exactly (see, for example, http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/MoonPhase.html - Phases of
the Moon in Data Services) but the time
that the Moon first becomes visible after the New Moon depends on many
factors and cannot be predicted with certainty. In
the first two days after New Moon, the young crescent Moon
appears very low in the western sky after sunset, and must be
viewed through bright twilight. It sets shortly after sunset.
The sighting of the lunar crescent within one day of New Moon is
usually difficult. The crescent at this time is quite thin, has
a low surface brightness, and can easily be lost in the twilight.
Generally, the lunar crescent will
become visible to suitably-located, experienced observers with good
sky conditions about one day after New Moon. However, the time
that the crescent actually becomes visible varies quite a bit from
one month to another. The record for an early sighting of a lunar
crescent, with a telescope, is 12.1 hours after New Moon; for
naked-eye sightings, the record is 15.5 hours from New Moon. These are
exceptional observations and crescent sightings this early in the
lunar month should not be expected as the norm. For Islamic
calendar purposes, the sighting must be made with the unaided eye.
Obviously, the visibility of the young lunar crescent depends on
sky conditions and the location, experience, and preparation of the
observer. Generally, low latitude and high altitude observers who
know exactly where and when to look will be favored. For observers
at mid-northern latitudes, months near the spring equinox are
also favored, because the ecliptic makes a relatively steep angle
to the western horizon at sunset during these months (tending to
make the Moon's altitude greater).
If we ignore local conditions for the moment, and visualize the
problem from outside the Earth's atmosphere, the size and
brightness of the lunar crescent depend on only one astronomical
quantity - the elongation of the Moon from the Sun, which
is the apparent angular distance between their centers. For this
reason the elongation has also been called the arc of
light. If we know the value of the elongation at any instant,
we can immediately compute the width of the crescent.
What is the value of the elongation when the Moon's age is
one day? It varies, depending on several factors:
(1) The elongation at New Moon. The
Moon can pass directly
in front of the Sun at New Moon (when a solar eclipse will occur)
or can pass as far as five degrees away. That is, the Moon can
start the month with an elongation ranging from zero
to five degrees. A minor complicating
factor involves the definition of New Moon in the almanacs.
Astronomical New Moon is defined to occur when the Sun and Moon
have the same geocentric ecliptic longitude, which may not
occur precisely when the Sun and Moon are closest together in the
sky.
(2) The speed of the Moon in its orbit. The
Moon's orbit is elliptical, and its speed is greatest when it is near
perigee, least near apogee. If perigee occurs near New Moon, the Moon
will appear to be moving away from the Sun in the sky at a greater than
average rate.
(3) The distance of the Moon. Again, because
of its elliptical orbit, the distance of the Moon varies, so even if the
Moon moved with a constant speed, its angular motion as viewed from
the Earth would be greater when the Moon is near perigee.
(4) The location of the observer. If the
observer is located in the tropics such that the one-day-old-Moon
is observed just before it sets, its elongation as seen by the
observer will be about a degree less than that seen by a
fictitious observer at the center of the Earth, which is the basis for
most almanac calculations. This decrease in observed elongation
is less for observers at middle or high latitudes (although other
geometric factors are less favorable for these observers).
Factors (2) and (3) are linked by Kepler's second law, which
predicts that the angular speed of the Moon as seen from the Earth
will vary by about 22%. If we combine all these factors we find
that geocentric elongation of the Moon from the Sun at an age of
one day can vary between about 10 and 15 degrees.
This large range of possible elongations in the one-day-old Moon
is critical, because at this time the width of the crescent is
increasing with the square of the elongation, and the surface
brightness of the crescent is also rapidly increasing. Some of the
earliest reliable sightings of the crescent occur near elongations
of around 10 degrees. Obviously, simply specifying the age of the
Moon cannot tell the whole story. Of course, the elongation of the Moon
does not tell the full story, either. But, of the two parameters, the
elongation is a much more reliable parameter to use as a starting
point in assessing the lunar crescent visibility at any
given date and time.
The prediction of the first sighting of the early crescent
Moon is an interesting problem because it simultaneously involves
a number of highly non-linear effects. Stated in less technical
language, a lot of things are changing very rapidly. Effects to
be considered are the geometry of the Sun, Moon, and horizon; the
width and surface brightness of the crescent; the absorption of
the Moon's light and the scattering of the Sun's light in the
Earth's atmosphere; and the physiology of human vision. The
problem has a rich literature. Some modern astronomical
references are:
Schaefer, B. E., 1988: "Visibility of the Lunar Crescent",
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,
Vol. 29, pp. 511-523.
Schaefer, B. E., Ahmad, I. A., Doggett, L. E., 1993:
"Records for Young Moon Sightings", Quarterly Journal of the
Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 34, pp. 53-56.
Ilyas, M., 1994: "Lunar Crescent Visibility Criterion and
Islamic Calendar", Quarterly Journal of the Royal
Astronomical Society, Vol. 35, pp. 425-461.
Doggett, L. E., Schaefer, B. E., 1994: "Lunar Crescent
Visibility", Icarus, Vol. 107, pp. 388-403.
M. B. Pepin, 1996: "In Quest of the Youngest Moon",
Sky & Telescope, December 1996, pp. 104-106.
http://www.nao.rl.ac.uk/" target="_top - Her Majesty's Nautical
Almanac Office computes and
distributes predictions of lunar crescent visibility. The
http://www.universalworkshop.com/pages/AC.htm" target="_top -
Astronomical Calendar by Guy Ottewell (published annually
by Furman University, Greenville, SC) includes good diagrams of
the positions of young and old Moons during the year (drawn for
the eastern U.S.) and an explanation of the factors affecting
their visibility.
Related information on these web pages includes:
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/moon_phases.html - Phases of the Moon and Percent of
the Moon Illuminated (definitions) in FAQ
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/MoonPhase.html - Phases of the Moon
in Data Services
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.html - Complete Sun and Moon Data for
One Day in Data Services
- G. H. Kaplan
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/about/staff/docs/ExternalLinksDisclaimer.html" target="_top -
Disclaimer for external links.
------------- Rasul Allah (sallah llahu alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever knows himself, knows his Lord" and whoever knows his Lord has been given His gnosis and nearness.
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Posted By: AhmadJoyia
Date Posted: 04 November 2005 at 7:36am
Thanks bro rami for your detailed reply. Here is the confusion when the website states the possible date of eid on Thrusday for many countries including USA "
Thursday, November 3, 2005:
- Algeria (after 30 days of Ramadan)
- Austria
- Bahrain (Followed S. Arabia)
- Egypt (after 30 days of Ramadan)
- Germany
- Indonesia
- Iraq (Claim of Sighting)
- Jordan (Followed S. Arabia)
- Kenia (Claim of Sighting)
- Kuwait (Followed S. Arabia)
- Lebanon (Followed S. Arabia)
- Malysia
- Mauritania (Followed S. Arabia)
- Norway
- Oman (Claim of Sighting)
- Palestine (Followed S. Arabia)
- Qatar (Followed S. Arabia)
- Russia
- S. Arabia (after 30 days of Ramadan)
- Slovakia
- Somalia (Claim of Sighting)
- Syria (after 30 days of Ramadan)
- Turkey
- UAE (Followed S. Arabia)
- UK (also on Friday)
- Ukrain
- USA (also on Friday)
- Yemen (Claim of Sighting) "
Here is the link for this http://www.moonsighting.com/1426shw.html - http://www.moonsighting.com/1426shw.html
under the heading of "OFFICIAL 1st Day of Shawwal in Different Countries"
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Posted By: rami
Date Posted: 04 November 2005 at 11:11pm
Bi ismillahir rahmanir raheem
assalamu alaikum
You have misunderstood what that list is supoesed to say br. It is not
telling us when eid will be rather it is telling us on what day various
countries held eid.
notice how next to many countries it say also on thursday or friday,
this is to show that one group in that country held it on thursday
while others held it on friday. other countries have a commnent on what
method they used to find out what day eid is.
Basicaly it is a record of what occured in every country this year.
------------- Rasul Allah (sallah llahu alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever knows himself, knows his Lord" and whoever knows his Lord has been given His gnosis and nearness.
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Posted By: AhmadJoyia
Date Posted: 05 November 2005 at 9:43am
Oh, I see. Probably you are right. In the mean time, I have asked our Islamic center to ask ISNA to provide explanation of their choice of decision for having eid on Thrusday based on "flimsy" evidence as asserted by this website. ISNA only acknowldges a "disagreement" among the experts but never explains to defend their choice of preference in response to the rebutal on this website. Hopefully, they shall find a better methodology for their decisions. Inshallah. May Allah bless us all. Amin.
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Posted By: rami
Date Posted: 07 November 2005 at 10:43pm
Bi ismillahir rahmanir raheem
the
picture below is a good example of why there are conflicting reports of
the cresent sighting. The picture on the left is a magnafication of the
one on the right.
its not just a matter of honesty genuine mistakes are made easily.
------------- Rasul Allah (sallah llahu alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever knows himself, knows his Lord" and whoever knows his Lord has been given His gnosis and nearness.
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Posted By: rami
Date Posted: 18 November 2005 at 11:55pm
Bi ismillahir rahmanir raheem
assalamu alaikum
the following statment was made to australian muslims living in sydney
which is why there is a constant refrence to Al-Ghazali center. I am
posting it here becouse it discusses the moon sighting situation from
all angles religious as well as scientific.
the original document can be found http://alghazzali.org/resources/statement05.pdf - here .
Ramadhan Statement for the Muslim Community
An Al-Ghazzali Centre Awareness Paper, � 1426.
In the name of Allah, The Source of Mercy, The Merciful. Ibn Umar (may
Allah be pleased with him) narrated, �I heard Allah's Messenger (The
blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) saying, �When you see the
crescent (of Ramadhan), start fasting, and when you see the crescent
(of the month of Shawwal), stop fasting; and if the sky is
overcast (and you can't see it) then regard the month of Ramadan as of 30 day. Bukhari 3:30:1900.
Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated, �Allah's
Messenger (The blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) said, �The
month (can be) 29 nights and do not fast till you see the moon, and if
the sky is overcast, then complete Sha'ban as thirty days�.Bukhari
3:30:1907.
1. INTRODUCTION
Al-Ghazzali Centre for Islamic Sciences & Human Development
considers the sighting of the moon as an important and integral
responsibility upon Muslims, Fardal-Kifaya, in establishing Fast in the
Blessed month of Ramadhan. Whilst we are aware of the numerous
positions held by different communities, al-Ghazzali Centre does not
intend to add or refute the practices of others. The aim of this
Statement is for Muslims who are seeking accurate information about the
controversy, and act decisively on the matter with a clear conscience,
to have the facts available to them.
We make the following statements of fact:
1. One of the unfortunate issues plaguing our community is the issue of
moon-sighting. This controversy revolves around determining what is the
optimal criterion for establishing the commencement and completion of
Ramadhan. Al-Ghazzali Centre holds to the revival and transmission of
traditional Islamic knowledge as a universally
applicable System. We also recognise the validity of local moon
sighting within a country (based on Ikhtilaful Matali� and Ittihadul
Matali� positions of Fiqh), as well as the choice to separate sighting
due to regional time zones. Therefore Al-Ghazzali Centre recognises the
moon sighting from anywhere in Australia confirmed by credible Muslim
witnesses.
2. We acknowledge that astronomical calculations cannot be used as
valid means for determining our Islamic dates. However, we do feel that
scientific astronomical calculations, based on Islamic stipulated
conditions, can act as a beneficial guide as to when it is possible, or
impossible, to sight the crescent moon.
This report provides a brief statement based on the Sunnah as well as
scientific data which supports the Sunnah, to clarify the following,
pertaining particularly for the year 2005:
i) A brief information on the theology of observing the moon to
establish the month of Ramadhan as opposed to pre-determined calendars
or statement to commence;
ii) why any pre-determined statement by any organisation in Australia,
or calendars asserting that 1st of Ramadhan commences on 5th October,
ahead of moon sighting for the year 2005 is incorrect, technically and
ethically;
iii) The correct date to commence observing the crescent is 4th October, 2004, NOT 3rd October.
2. THEOLOGY BEHIND ESTABLISHING THE MONTH OF RAMADHAN
The argument on the matter is simply twofold- sighting the moon
physically or to use predetermined scientific calculations to determine
the months, and so indeed Ramadhan. The argument for scientific
pre-determination often is reduced to the assertion that because Allah
has Willed the ability of humans to calculate such matters, using
science, we should accept this proposition. This statement is usually
backed by another assertion that observation was the best methodology
at the time of the Prophet Muhammad, upon whom be peace and blessings
of Allah, and that they did not have the knowledge or ability as humans
have now. Al-Ghazzali Centre holds a different view, supported by a
majority of Traditional Scholars
throughout the world who reject pre-determined calculations. We do not
aim to cause any conflict in the community, however, we do not back
away from the clear evidences available that pre-determination of the
moon crescent appearance was never intended in the first place, neither
by Allah, The Creator, nor His Messenger.
2.1 Qur�anic Evidence
The first evidence we rely on is based on the Qur�an. The holistic
understanding of this evidence is commonly used in Fiqh for numerous
other rulings, which are acceptable practice- Qiyas, or analogical
deduction. In fact, the assertion that pre-determination is acceptable
is also based on this tool of Ijtihaad.
The month of Ramadan in which was revealed the Qur'an, a guidance for
mankind and clear proofs for the guidance and the criterion (between
right and wrong). So whoever of you sights the month (of Ramadan i.e.
is present at his home, witnessing the crescent), he must observe Saum
(fasts) that month, and whoever is ill or on a journey, the same number
[of days which one did not observe Saum (fasts) must be made up] from
other days. Allah intends for you ease,
and He does not want to make things difficult for you. (He wants that
you) must complete the same number (of days), and that you must magnify
Him for having guided you so that you may
be grateful to Him. Qur�an[2:185]
The critical term in this verse is �faman shahida minkum as-shahara�,
which means to the effect �those from you who have witnessed the
month�. This verse has also been suggested to mean �those who are
present at their home�. The meaning is still pointed towards presence
and witnessing the month.
The argument is usually used to suggest that this �witnessing� can
occur via pre-determined calculations, given that we have
technologically advanced to calculate the phases of the moon. It will
be articulated later, why this is incorrect in seeking to understand
the objective of this verse.
The root meaning of the critical term �shahida� refers to a witnessing
which takes part in a physical form, as a form of proof. Scholars of
Arabic Grammar agree on this by unanimous consensus. Ibn Abbas, may
Allah be pleased with him, who was the first man to
collect Arabic words and elaborate its meaning, also clearly holds this
view. Khalil, who used ibn Abbas�s collection to formulate the world�s
first dictionary in any language (this of course being in Arabic),
published this fact in his works, � �Ayn�. Scholars who study Grammar
consider this work to be the most authoritative in understanding the
depths of meaning of Arabic words. �Shahada� cannot happen in a
simulated manner. It has to occur in a physical form as a form of
proof. Of course, the result of �shahida�, i.e., the witnessing can be
recorded, and this should not be misunderstood with the witnessing
itself. Therefore, it is clear in this verse, that some form of
witnessing is required to establish the presence of the month of
Ramadhan (this also applies to all lunar months for Muslims, which
al-Ghazzali Centre undertakes and records on a monthly basis
[http://alghazzali.org/events/calender]
Having established that a form of witnessing is required to establish
fasting, it is important to eliminate the possibility of the acceptance
of calculation as a means to establish it. The Qur�an is the Word of
Allah. Allah is All-Aware of the progresses human beings will undergo,
including the ability to pre-determine moon phases. The term �moon
phases� is specifically used here, because that is what human beings
can establish� not the visibility of the actual crescent. Even today,
it is not possible for science to predict visibility of the crescentthe
criteria by which all Scholars agree that the Islamic months are
established based on the Prophetic Tradition. In other words, it is not
the moon phases that Islamic Tradition calls for, but for the
observation of the moon crescent. We will return to the technical basis
of this, in the later parts of this report.
The pre-determination is based on calculations. And the fact is that
Allah, The Wise, has used the term �to calculate� in the Qur�an. This
specific information is paramount and essential to come to a holistic
understanding and acceptance of the fact that if Allah, The Wise,
wanted calculated pre-determination as a means to establish fasting or
the months, this would have been clearly stated in the Qur�an and the
Prophetic Tradition, by the use of the term referring to calculation.
It was nothing new, nor anything impossible for Allah to have revealed
it to the Messenger of Allah .
Allah revealed in the Qur�an:
The sun and the moon run on their fixed courses, calculated with measured out stages for each. Qur�an[55:5]
The key term in this verse is �bihusbaan�, its root extraction from
�hasaba�. This word is of particular significance, since it means �to
calculate�. This alone is clear evidence that Allah revealed to His
Messenger , the concept of astronomical calculations, yet Allah limited
the
method of establishing the commencement of fasting through observation
of the crescent as proof. Furthermore, Allah has revealed quantitative
calculations in the Qur�an. An example of this is
the laws of inheritance. History is clear that such calculations were
not only new for the people of Arabia, but an unknown territory for the
world. Numerals with fractions, as well as the quantum zero, was
established or refined from the laws of inheritance revealed in the
Qur�an itself. Allah is the Creator of heavens and earth, and all that
exists in it. If the phases of the moon were of importance and the
determining factor, and if there was no requirement to sight or
observe the actual crescent, the Qur�an is evidence that such a
directive would have been revealed for Muslims to fulfil their
obligations to Allah. The language of the Qur�an on this matter is
literal, and there is no room for the possibility of metaphorical
interpretations. In fact, it would be counter to a very basic Principle
of Islamic Law and Methodology, that the literal meaning must be given
precedence unless there is clear evidence to suggest a
metaphorical meaning. To do so would be what is referred to in Fiqh as
�shaadh� or �odd� of that person. Allah has not left ambiguity or
interpretative injunctions on Muslims as a method to perfect their Deen.
2.2 Evidence from Prophetic Tradition
Whilst the Qur�anic evidence should suffice, it is always helpful to
see how the Messenger of Allah , actually manifested those injunctions
in reality. The two opening Ahadeeth quoted at the beginning of this
Statement, is sufficient evidence to confirm the Qur�anic evidence. The
critical words in those ahadeeth are �ra�aitum� or its derivates, which
specifically mean �to look� or �to observe�. As a side note, this word
is very different from another common word denoting watching- �nadhara�
or �to see�. To look or observe, �ra�aitum�, means to pay attention in
the observation. To see something, �nadhara�, as the root derivative,
means that one sees something in passing or can decipher something.
In addition, �ra�aitum� has no synonymous meaning with calculation. It has clear relevance to the concept of observation.
Further, and most importantly, the Hadeeth does not allude to the
�birth� of the new moon, normally referred to as �conjunction�, nor the
day after. In fact it suggests that these two days of uncertainty can
be left out from the establishment of the month. If the accuracy of the
moon phase was of any importance, it is quite clear, knowing the
complex nature of some of Islamic rulings, this would have been clearly
mentioned. To the contrary, the Messenger of Allah, , mentioned the
earliest possible observation of the moon crescent itself, not the moon
phases. The calendars however indicate information of the birth of the
new moon, which is entirely different in meaning as well as to the
statement of the Messenger of Allah .
The Arabic word referred to in the Ahadeeth is �Hilal�. It refers
particularly to the crescent, not the new moon. The Hadeeth requires of
us to sight the crescent, not the new moon. Calendars and
pre-determined statements can only refer to the new moon with any
accuracy, not the crescent. It is clear from this matter alone, that
the crescent must be observed, and not pre-determining the new moon.
These Ahadeeth also confirm that there is no reference to, nor any
allusion to the phases of the moon, but purely to the observation of
the crescent. They further confirm that Ramadhan is bound by the
observation of the crescent for its commencement AND completion, where
the days of fasting may validly vary from 29 to 30 days. There is
absolutely no doubt in relation to this fact.
3. PRE-DETERMINED DATE � 5TH OCTOBER AND ITS INACCURACY
Al-Ghazzali Centre is aware that many calendars assert the date for
1st Ramadhan to be 5th October. Calendars do play a beneficial role, in
that they provide a general guide to when we are expected to seek the
crescent. But they are not definitive, nor is any statement declaring a
date prior to the actual sighting. This section of the report aims to
highlight the error in asserting such a statement, and why 5th October
is problematic at the very least. Al-Ghazzali Centre also emphasises,
however, that only by coincidence Ramadhan is mostl
likely to commence on 5th October.
Al-Ghazzali Centre urges the Muslim community in Australia to abstain
from fasting from the 5th October, based on the predetermined
statement. This, however, could be acceptable ONLY after actual
sighting of a crescent on the evening of 4th October. This inaccuracy
is not based on whether calendar-based pre-determination is possible,
but on reality of scientific facts that the proposed pre-determined
date is incorrect in the first place. In order to conclude how the
pre-determined date of 5th October is incorrect, one needs to
compare scientific facts about the moon alongside observed data. Below,
both are published as part of Al-Ghazzali Centre�s actual and verified
record of the data.
3.1 Observation of the Moon Data
[The table and following section 4 been taken out as i could not copy
them corectly but they can be viewd in the original document http://alghazzali.org/resources/statement05.pdf - here]
4.CORRECT DATE FOR OBSERVATION � 4TH OCTOBER 2005
5.CONCLUSION
Al-Ghazzali Centre concludes the following points based on scientific and Islamic evidences:
i) The pre-determined date to commence Ramadhan on 5th October, cannot
be established prior to the event itself, and so is incorrect;
ii) It is incorrect to state that 4th October is 30th Sha�ban. This
poses two factual problems. Firstly that 29th Sha�ban is on 3rd
October, which is scientifically incorrect. Secondly, based on the moon
age calculation, 5th October can be the 30th Sha�ban, and so the 1st
Ramadhan could be on the 6th. The calendar, on this basis, incorrectly
suggests that Sha�ban could have 31 days� which is Islamically
incorrect.
iii) The correct date to observe the crescent is 4th October in
Australia. For a live hourly update of the crescent moonsighting for
this Ramadhan, visit http://alghazzali.org/events/update [no longer available].
We pray to Allah to grant the Muslims ease during the month of Ramadhan
through their fasting. We ask Allah to forgive us for any shortcomings
and errors, and to give success to those seeking to participate in
authentic principles of Islam. Peace and blessings of Allah upon His
Beloved Prophet.
------------- Rasul Allah (sallah llahu alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever knows himself, knows his Lord" and whoever knows his Lord has been given His gnosis and nearness.
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Posted By: AhmadJoyia
Date Posted: 21 November 2005 at 1:03pm
The following is the response of ISNA to my question (of course through our Islamic Center) for making decision for Eid ul Fitr. I agree with them.
"
11- 4-05
Idul Fitr on Thursday, November 3, 2005: The Decision Process By Dr. Muzammil H. Siddiqi Chairman of the Fiqh Council of North America
Some people have asked us to give some details about the process that the Fiqh Council and National Shura used to make the decision about the Idul Fitr to be on Thursday, November 3, 2005. Our statement about Id decision was short because of the time constrains. We were not able to arrive at the decision before sunset in the Pacific Time zone, the teleconference lasted for one hour so as to allow sufficient discussion and there were a lot of persons and communities waiting for a word so as to prepare for Id the following days. However, here are the details for those who want to know how we reached to the decision.
The decision was based on the local moon sighting reports in accordance with the current criteria approved by the decision making bodies. The criteria say: A CONFIRMED CRESCENT SIGHTING REPORT IN NORTH AMERICA WILL BE ACCEPTED AS LONG AS SUCH A REPORT DOES NOT CONTRADICT INDISPUTABLE ASTRONOMICAL INFORMATION. CONFIRMATION OF ASTRONOMICAL INFORMATION AND ASSOCIATED POSSIBILITY OF MOON SIGHTING WILL BE BASED ON THE MAJORITY-BASED RECOMMENDATION OF AN INDEPENDENT TEAM OF MUSLIM ASTRONOMY CONSULTANTS.
On Wednesday, November 2, 2005, ISNA received several moon sighting reports from various parts of United States. A total of 9 reports from five different cities were received. i. Jacksonville, Florida: Two Muslims testified that they saw the Hilal. The persons were confirmed as trustworthy by the local Imams. ii. Chicago, Illinois: One of three male members of a family testified that they all saw the Hilal. They are known Muslims members of the community and are considered trustworthy. iii. Amityville, New York: One Muslim testified that he saw the Hilal. iv. Phoenix, Arizona: Three Muslim, one Imam and two members of the community testified that they saw the Hilal. v. Tucson, Arizona: Mr. Jim Stamm who regularly watches Hilals reported that he saw the Hilal through his telescope.
Our astronomy consultants: Dr. Muhib Durrani and Dr. Ahmad Salamah spoke to the witnesses and took the details of their observations. Dr. Khalid Shaukat was not willing to speak to any witness as his position was that there was no sighting possible.
At 9:00 p.m. (Eastern Standard Time) a teleconference took place. Following members of the Fiqh Council, National Shura and Astronomy Consultants participated in the conference call: i. Dr. Muzammil H. Siddiqi, Chairman of the Fiqh Council ii. Shaikh Muhammad Nur Abdullah, Vice Chair of the Fiqh Council and President of ISNA iii. Dr. Adam El-Sheikh, Executive Director of the Fiqh Council iv. Dr. Jamal Badawi, Member of the Executive Board of the Fiqh Council v. Dr. Ihsan Bagby, Member of the Executive Board of the Fiqh Council and President of MANA vi. Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Shah, Member of the Fiqh Council vii. Imam Abdur Rahman Khan, Imam of the Islamic Foundation, Villa Park, Illinois viii. Dr. Syed Syeed, Secretary General of ISNA ix. Dr. Zaheeruddin, Representative of ICNA x. Imam Pasha, Representative of Imam W.D. Muhammad xi. Mr. Kareem Irfan, Representative of the Islamic Council of Chicago xii. Dr. Khalid Shaukat, Astronomy Consultant xiii. Dr. Mohib Durrani, Astronomy Consultant xiv. Dr. Ahmad Salamah, Astronomy Consultant
After the opening of the meeting, the Chairman of the Fiqh Council asked the astronomy consultants to report their findings after their conversations with the witnesses. The consultants agreed that the reports of the witnesses from New York, Chicago and Jacksonville were not acceptable because they failed to meet the scientific data available as to the location, shape and timings of crescent that evening. Dr. Durrani and Dr. Salamah also reported their discussions with the witnesses in Phoenix, Arizona. Both of them indicated that they would not rule out the Phoenix sightings. Dr. Khalid Shaukat disagreed. When Dr. Khalid Shaukat was asked whether he talked to any witnesses, his answer was, �no.� Dr. Salamah was asked how he could accept these naked eye testimonies when it was said earlier that it was impossible. His answer was that he never said that it was impossible. He reminded us that he sent his email about a month ago informing us that if there were any sightings he would not reject them outright. Other members agreed receiving this information from Dr. Salamah. Dr. Durrani expressed his total surprise at the positional accuracy of the sighting reports from the Phoenix witnesses. He told us that their description of Hilal�s location, shape and timings all meet the expected positional astronomical data. He told us that he was willing to accept these sightings even though they were against his earlier predictions. His position was that the actual sighting data was empirical and could be revised.
Dr. Durrani also informed the participants about the telescopic sighting of Mr. Jim Stamm. Mr. Stamm was very cooperative and even allowed some Muslims to be at his site to observe the Hilal from his telescope. However, the Muslim observers failed to see the Hilal from the telescope. The Fiqh Council was thankful to Mr. Stamm for his cooperation and considered his report, not as a Hilal witness, but as supportive evidence. It was discussed that why other Muslim observers were not able to see the Hilal from his telescope and the answer was given that it might be because of their lack of experience. Dr. Durrani told us that Mr. Stamm was a respectable and honorable person. He would not try to mislead us knowingly.
It was well known to all participants that the age of moon was almost 24 hours at the sunset in Pacific coast and it set that evening about 21 minutes after sunset. Thus after due deliberation over the astronomical information, the sighting reports and the agreed upon criteria (as mentioned above) Dr. Jamal Badawi expressed that according to his opinion, the sighting reports did not contradict any �indisputable astronomical information� as it is mentioned in our criteria. Majority of our astronomy consultants were willing to accept Phoenix sightings. Hence we should announce Idul Fitr to be on Thursday, November 3, 2005 according to our present criteria.
All Fiqh Council members unanimously accepted this resolution. Imam Pasha representing Imam W.D. Muhammad expressed his reservation. He told us that Imam Muhammad had already announced the Id to be on Friday, November 4, 2005. We informed him that the Shura required that no announcement should be made before the decision of this body.
Most participants accepted the decision. Dr. Shaukat abstained. Dr. Zaheeruddin said that he would inform ICNA President and would leave the decision to him.
The Meeting concluded at 10:00 P.M. Easter Standard time. We pray to Allah subhanahu wa ta�la to accept our humble service and forgive us if we have made any mistakes. We tried our best to reach the right decision.
"
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Posted By: rami
Date Posted: 21 November 2005 at 11:57pm
Bi ismillahir rahmanir raheem
Alahamdulillah it seems to be a sincere effort and not simply based of reading
calender.
Some Questions need to be asked though, what scientific data where they working
from which told them that sighting the new moon on this day was a posibilty and
reports would be acceptable by scientific standards, they do not provide any scientific data to back up
the claims they are making and it seems to be only based of reports from
indaviduals, refer back to my photo of the moon and you will see how it is very easy to confuse matters.
All scientific data that i have seen from three indapendant bodies the http://www.usno.navy.mil/ - US Naval Observatory , http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/index.htm - HM Nautical Almanac Office
(British Navy, The previous new moon occurred on
2005 November 02), and http://www.moonsighting.com/ - Moonsighting.com say the new moon was
on november 2nd.
I dont think it would be reasnoble to claim collusion on this matter.
Claculating the new moon is something that is done with accuracy as it is
always in space running its orbit but when you would like to predict where it
can be seen from down here on earth looking up to space the calculations become
very inaccurate and can not be done with certainty, facters like the angle of
the light from the sun hiting the moon as well as the relative closeness of the moon to the
sun at the time of setting are things that change on a regular basis and it
would be like trying to predict the wheather.
This is not so for the new moon as you are calculating it based on the moon
moving through space no need to factor in where it can be seen, this is pointed
out in the Quran by Allah.
So when three indapendant bodies all say the new moon is on november
the second based on exact scientific data that is not a small matter
which can be dismissed by statments like "we took our brothers words
that they saw the moon".
------------- Rasul Allah (sallah llahu alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever knows himself, knows his Lord" and whoever knows his Lord has been given His gnosis and nearness.
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Posted By: rami
Date Posted: 22 November 2005 at 12:05am
bi ismillahir rahmanir raheem
sighting was very much devided.
The official first day of Shawwal in the USA is divided once more
between Fiqh Council of North Amrica and many other organizations.
Thursday, 3rd Nov, 2005
- Fiqh Council of North Amrica
- Most Mosques of Greater Washington/Baltimore Area
Friday, 4th Nov, 2005
- http://www.moonsighting.net/ - CFCO
- Chicago Sunni Muslim Society
- ICNA Canada
- Islamic Center of Greater Cincinnati
- Islamic Foundation of Toronto
- http://www.sistani.org/ - Islamic organizations of Sistanig
- http://www.iec-houston.org/ - Islamic Education Center of Houston
- Islamic Education Center of Potomac
- http://www.myjasna.com/ - Jamat-e-Ahle Sunnat North America (JASNA)
- Jami'yyatul Ulama Canada
- Majlis as-Shura of Philadelphia
- http://www.naifcenter.org/ - North American Islamic Foundation, Herndon, VA
- http://www.ulemacouncil.com/ - North American Ulema Council
- http://www.hilalcommittee.com/ - The Hilal Committee of Greater Toronto Area ) - a
body representing 71 mosques
- http://www.al-khoei.org/ - The Khoei Foundation
- http://www.zaytuna.org/articleDetails.asp?articleID=86 - Zaytuna Institute (Imam Zaid Shakir)
------------- Rasul Allah (sallah llahu alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever knows himself, knows his Lord" and whoever knows his Lord has been given His gnosis and nearness.
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